文明纪年

阿九 (1999) 第一版

注：M = million (百万)；c. = circa (大约)；c = century (世纪)；( ) = 时代；[ ] = 生卒年代；r. = rules (在位)； fl. = flowers (盛年)。

年代	中国		世界
45亿年	地球诞生
30亿年	原始生命出现于海洋
6亿年	生物化石所能提供的最早年代
		4.4 M	Earliest known hominid fossils (Australopithecus ramidis) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994.
		4.2 M	Australopithecus anamensis found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995.
		3.2 M	Australopithecus afarenis (nicknamed 'Lucy') found in Ethiopia, 1974.
250万年	人类开始制造石器	2.5 M	Homo habilis ('Handy Man'), first brain expansion and first chipped stones.
180万年	直立人的出现	1.8 M	Homo erectus (Upright Man). Brain size twice that of Australopithecine species.
170万年	元谋人在云南元谋	1.7 M	Homo erectus leaves Africa.
80万年	蓝田人在陕西蓝田
20 - 70万年	北京人在北京周口店，火的使用
		100000	First modern Homo sapiens in South Africa.
		70000	Neanderthal man (use of fire and advanced tools).
		35000	Neanderthal man replaced by later groups of Homo sapiens (i.e. Cro-Magnon man, etc.).
前16000	山顶洞人：氏族公社	18000	Cro-Magnons replaced by later cultures.
		15000	Migration across Bering Straits into America.
		10000	Semi-permanent agricultural settlements in Old World.
		10000 - 4000	Development of settlements into cities and development of wheel, pottery and cultivation.
		4500 - 3000	Egyptian agriculture develops. Western Euripe is neolithic, without metals or written records. Copper used by Egyptians and Sumerians.
		4241	Egypt: Earliest recorded date.
		3760	First year of Jewish calendar.
		3500	Sumer: First phonetic writing.
5000 - 3000	河姆渡、半坡文化：母系氏族公社	3200 - 2360	Mesopotamia: Sumerian civilization in Ur and Nippur.
			Mesopotamia: The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 3000).
			Egypt: King Khufu (Cheops) (3000).
		3000 - 1500	Pakistan and Northern India: Indus Valley civilization.
3000 - 2000	大汶口文化：父系氏族公社	3000 - 1100	Crete: Minoan civilization in Knossos.
		2850 - 715	Nile valley: Egyptian civilization in Thebes, Memphis and Tanis.
c.2697-c.2599	黃帝軒轅氏	2700 - 2675	Egypt: The 4th dynasty.
c.2598-c.2515	少昊金天氏		Egypt: The Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2680).
c.2514-c.2437	顓頊高陽氏		Egypt: The Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2540).
c.2436-c.2367	帝嚳高辛氏	2350 - 2230	Mesopotamia: Akkadian civilization in Akkad, Ur and Erich.
c.2366-c.2358	帝摯高辛氏
c.2357-c.2258	唐堯
c.2257-c.2208	虞舜
c.2207-c.1523	夏		Abraham leaves Ur (c. 2000).
	中国出现系统的天文观测(21 c)		Astronomy in Babylon, Egypt and India.
	禹传子启，建立夏朝(21 c)	1800 - 889	Mesopotamia: Assyrian empire in Assur, Nineveh and Calah.
20 c.	甲骨文字的出现	1728 - 1686	Mesopotamia: Old Babylonia in Babylon.
c.1523 - 1066	商	1640 - 1200	Asia minor, Syria: Hittite civilization in Hattusas and Nesa.
			Far East: Bronze Age begins in Burma (c. 1600).
	商汤灭夏，建立商朝(16 c) 黄帝内经与中国医学发端 (16 c )		Amosis I frees Egypt from Kyksos invaders (c. 1600).
	盘庚迁都于殷(14 c)		Egypt: Akhnaton develops monotheisticreligion. His successor, Tutankhamen [r.1348-1340], returns to earlier gods (c. 1375).
		1300 - 1900	Mexico: Olmec civilization.
			Greeks destroy Troy (c. 1193).
		1100 - 332	Palestine: Phoenician civilization in Tyre, Sidon and Byblos.
1066 - 221	周
1066 - 771	西周
	周武王灭商，建立周朝(1066)
		1000 - 547	Central Asia Minor: Phrygian civilization in Gordion.
	懿王元年，日再旦 (899)，这是中国确凿 历史纪年的开始		Solomon succeeds King David, builds Jerusalem temple. Kingdom devided into Isreal and Judah after Solomon's death. Hebrew elders begin to write Old Testament books of Bible (c. 1000).
	国人暴动，共和元年 (841)	900 - 396	Northern Italy: Etruscan civilization.
		900 - 200	Greek civilization in Athens, Sparta, Thebes.
		835 - 550	Iran: Mede civilization in Media.
			Phoenicians establish Carthage (c. 810).
			Homer: Iliad and Odyssey (c. 810).
		800 - 700	Assyria: King Sargon conquers Hittites, Chaldeans, Samaria (end of Kingdom of Isreal). Earliest written music. Chariots introduced into Italy by Etruscans.
	犬戎攻入镐京，西周结束(771)	800 - 300	Caucasus: Scythian civilization.
770 - 256	东周		Greece: First recorded Olympic games (776).
770 - 476	春秋		Italy: Founding of Rome by Romulus (753)
	周平王迁都洛邑，东周开始(770)
		750 - 500	Caucasus: Cimmerian civilization.
		700 - 547	Western Asia Minor: Lydian civilization in Sardis and Miletus.
			Founding of Byzantium by Greeks (c. 660)
		625 - 539	Mesopotamia: New Babylonia.
			Collapse of Assyrian Empire (616).
			Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) and Medes (612).
			Solon: Greek lawgiver [640-560].
			Zoroaster [c. 630-c. 553] founds Zoroastrianism.
			First flowering of Greek philosophy: Thales, Anaximander and Anaximanes (c. 600).
			Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon builds empire, destroys Jerusalem (586); captivity of the Jews.
	老子[c. 604 - ?]天下第一：道德经		Sappho of Lesbos: Greek poet [fl. 610-c. 580].
			Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Babylon (539) and builds his empire; the Jews are freed.
		559 - 330	Iran, Syria and Asia Minor: Persian civilization in Persepolis and Pasargedae.
			Pythagoras [c. 582-c. 507].
			Buddha [c. 563-c. 483]: founds Buddhism.
			Darius, king of Persia [r. 521-486].
	孔子[552 - 479]，至圣先师：论语		Cleisthenes expels tyrants from Athens (510) and introduces democracy (508).
		500 - 300 ad	Italy, Metiterranean region: Roman civilization in Rome and Byzantium.
			Sophocles [496-c. 406] the dramatist.
			Battle of Marathon (490).
			Xerxes I, king of Persia [r. 485-465].
475 - 221	战国		Battle of Thermopylae (480) and Salamis (480).
	墨子 [c.470 - 391 ] 创立墨家学派		Socrates [469-399].
			Hippocrates [460-?] Father of Medicine.
			Parthenon [447-432]. Flowering of Greek culture.
			Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta (431-404).
			Xenophon [c. 428-c. 354], Greek historian.
			Plato [c. 427-347]: Republic (c. 400-c. 325) and other works.
			Praxiteles [400-330], Greek sculptor.
	商鞅[c.400-338]：变法(356)		Diogenes the Cynic [c. 400-c. 325].
			Trial and execution of Socrates (399).
	惠施 [c.380 - c.300 ]创立名家		Aristotle [384-322] enters Academy (367), founds Lyceum (c. 336), writes main works (c. 350-323).
	孟子[c. 371 - 289]，亚圣：中庸
	庄子 [369 - 286 ]，蝴蝶哲学家：庄子		Pyrrho the Sceptic [c. 365-c. 275].
			Alexander the Great [356-323]: destroys Thebes (335), conquers Tyre and Jerusalem (332), occupies Babylon (330), invades India and dies in Babylon.
	屈原 [c.343-c.289]：离骚，九歌，天问
	邹衍 [c.340 - c.260 ]创立阴阳学派		Epicurus [341-270] founds his Epicurean school.
			Zeno [335-263] founds Stoic school.
	公孙龙子 [c.320 - c.250 ]，名家		Euclid's work on geometry (323).
	荀子 [298 - 238 ]，儒家
	宋玉 [296 - c.240 ] 赋的兴起
	韩非子 [280 - 233 ]，法家		Archimedes [287-212]: Greek mathematician.
			Asoka, emperor and lawgiver of India.
			First Punic War (264-241).
			Hannibal [246-142]: Carthaginian general.
221 - 206	秦		Second Punic War (219-201)
	嬴政[c. 258-210]：始皇帝
	中国统一，郡县制，统一货币、文字和度量衡 (221)
	万里长城基本建成 (c. 215)		Carneades [c. 214-c. 129] founds New Acedemy.
	陈胜、吴广起义 (209)
	巨鹿之战 (207)
	刘邦攻入咸阳，秦亡 (206)
	楚汉之争 (206 - 202)
206 bc - 220	汉
206 bc - 23	西汉
	西汉建立(202)		Mayan hieroglyphics (c. 200).
	司马相如 [179 - 117 ]诗人		Beginning of Roman domination after victory in Thermopylae campaign (191).
	董仲舒 [c.179-104]：独尊儒术
	汉武帝[r.174-87]		The third Punic War (149-146). Rome destroys Carthage.
	张骞：首次出使西域(138)		Venus de Milo (c. 140).
	张骞：再次出使西域(119)
			Cicero [106-43], Roman orator.
	造纸术的发明(c. 100)		Julius Caesar [100-44] invades Britain (55) and conquers Gaul (c. 50).
	司马迁[?-85]：史记		Lucretius [98-c. 51]: his poetic version of Epicureanism (c. 60).
			Spartacus: revolt against Rome (71).
			Virgil [70-19]: Aeniad.
			Horace [65-8], Roman poet.
			Pompey conquers Jerusalem (63).
	扬雄 [53bc-18ad]：儒家		Cleopatra [r. 51-31] on Egyptian throne.
			Herod makes Roman governor of Judea (47).
			Julian calendar adopted (46).
			Caesar murdered (44)
			Ovid [43 bc-18]: Metamorphosis, Ars Amatoria.
			Octavius, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium (31).
			Emperor Augustus [r. 27 bc-14].
		4	Jesus Christ [4 bc-c. 29]
			Seneca [1 bc-65].
	公元开始		没有“公元0年”
	王莽夺权(8)		Nyaya logical philosophy rises in India.
	绿林、赤眉起义(17 - 18)
25 - 220	东汉
	东汉建立(25)		Jesus' crucifixion (29).
	班固[32-92]
	王充 [27 - 97 ]：论衡		Nero [r. 54-68].
	许慎 [？ - c.120]：说文解字		Epictetus [c. 55-135].
	班超：出使西域(73)
	蔡伦：改进造纸术(105)		Marcus Aurelius [121-180].
	张衡 [78 - 139 ]：诗人科学家
	张角：黄巾起义(184)
	官渡之战(200)
	赤壁之战(208)		Plotinus [205-c. 269] introduces Neoplatonism.
220 - 280	三国
	王弼 [226 - 249 ]
220 - 265	魏
	曹操 [ ]
	曹丕 [r.220-226]
	曹植 [192 - 232 ]
	魏灭蜀(263)
	西晋建立，魏亡(265)
221 - 263	蜀
222 - 280	吴
265 - 316	西晋
	西晋灭吴(280〕
	匈奴攻占长安，西晋灭亡(316)
304 - 439	东晋十六国
317 - 420	东晋
	东晋建立(317)
	顾开帜 [c.344-c.406]，画家
	淝水之战(383)
	陶渊明 [372 - 427 ]
304 - 439	十六国
386 - 589	南北朝
	云岗石窟的建立 (452 - 494 )
420 - 589	南朝
420 - 479	宋
479 - 502	齐
502 - 557	梁
557 - 589	陈
386 - 581	北朝
386 - 534	北魏
	刘勰：文心雕龙 ( c.480 )
	实行均田制(485)
	孝文帝迁都洛阳(494)
534 - 550	东魏
550 - 577	北齐
535 - 557	西魏
557 - 581	北周
581 - 618	隋
	隋朝建立，北朝结束(581)
	统一南北，南朝结束(589)
	大运河始凿(605)
	农民起义(611)
618 - 907	唐
	颜立本 [600 - 673 ]，画家
	唐朝建立，隋灭(618)
	唐太宗：贞观之治(627 - 649)
	陈子昂 [656 - 698 ]，诗人
	孟浩然 [689 - 740 ]，诗人
	松赞干布：统一土蕃(7 c 前期)
	粟末秣褐：建立渤海国(8 c 前期)
	皮罗阁合：合并六诏为南诏(8 c 前期)
	骨力裴罗：统一回纥(8 c 中期)
	王维 [699 - 759 ]，诗人画家
	王昌龄 [ c.700 - 765 ]，诗人
	吴道子 [c.700-c.760]，画家
	高适 [ c.700 - 765 ]，诗人
	李白 [705 - 762】
	杜甫 [712 - 770 ]
	唐玄宗[r.712-756]：开元盛世(713 - 741)
	曾参 [715 - 770 ]诗人
	安史之乱(755 - 763)
	实行两税法(780)
	韩愈 [768 - 824 ]
	刘禹锡 [772 - 842 ]
	白居易 [772 - 846 ]
	元稹 [779 - 831 ]，诗人
	李贺 [790 - 816 ]
	杜牧 [803 - 852 ]
	李商隐 [813 - 858 ]
	唐末农民战争(875 - 884)
907 - 979	五代十国
	后梁建立，唐亡，五代始(907)
	李煜 [937 - 978 ]：苦命后主
907 - 923	后梁
923 - 936	后唐
936 - 946	后晋
947 - 950	后汉
951 - 960	后周
902 - 979	十国
	耶律阿保机建立契丹政权(916)
960 - 1279	宋
960 - 1127	北宋
	北宋建立(960)
	统一全国，结束五代十国(979)
	范仲淹 [989 - 1052 ]
	宋辽澶渊之盟(1005)
	欧阳修 [1007 - 1072 ]
	苏洵 [1009 - 1066 ]
	周敦颐 [1017 - 1073 ]：太极图说
	曾巩 [1019 - 1083 ]
	张载 [1020 - 1077 ]
	王安石 [1021 - 1086 ]
	程灏 [1032 - 1085 ]：理学
	程颐 [1033 - 1107 ]：二程之一
	苏轼 [1036 - 1101 ]
	苏辙 [1039 - 1112 ]
	毕晟：发明活字印刷术(11 c 中期)
	黄庭坚 [1045 - 1105 ]
	米芾 [1051 - 1107 ]诗画家
	王安石变法 (1069)
1127 - 1279	南宋
	李清照 [1081 - c.1140/1145]
	金灭北宋，南宋开始 (1127)
	陆游 [1125 - 1210 ]
	陆九渊 [1139 - 1193 ]：新儒家
	朱熹 [1130 - 1200 ]大儒：气理
	宋、金郾城大战 (1140)
	辛弃疾 [1140 - 1207 ]
	成吉思汗：建立蒙古政权 (1206)
907 - 1125	辽
	辽建立 (907)
	金灭辽 (1125)
1032 - 1227	西夏
	元昊：建立西夏 (1038)
	蒙古灭西夏 (1227)
1115 - 1234	金
	完颜阿骨打：建立金 (1115)
	蒙古灭金 (1234)
1271 - 1368	元		Russia: The Word of the Campaign of Igor (12 c).
	忽必烈 [r.1260-1294]：定国号为元 (1271)
	赵孟俯 [1254 - 1322 ]元画家
	元灭南宋 (1276)
1368 - 1644	明
	盟军攻占大都，元亡明立(1368)
	中国人口：65,000,000 (1400)
	永乐 [r.1403-1424 ]年间，永乐大典
	郑和[?-c.1435]：七下西洋(1405 - 1433)
	明成祖：迁都至北京(1421)		Guru Nanak [1469-c.1539] founds Sikhism.
	沈周 [1427 - 1509 ]
	唐寅 [1470 - 1523 ]
	王阳明 [1472 - 1529 ]大儒
	吴承恩 [ c.1510 - c.1580 ]：西游记
	戚纪光：抗击倭寇(16 c 中期)
	汤显祖 [1550 - 1617 ]
	文征明 [1554 - 1636 ]
	实行一条鞭法(1581)		Arjan Mal [1581-1606], Sikh guru: Adi Granth.
	中国人口：150,000,000 (1600)
	金瓶梅 (1610 )
	努尔哈赤 [1559 - 1626 ]：建立后金 (1616)		Shakespeare [c.1564-1616]: Hemlet, Romeo and Juliet.
	明末农民战争爆发 (1628)
	后金改国号为清 (1636)
	李自成：大顺政权入京，明亡 (1644)
1644 - 1911	清		.
	颜元 [1635 - 1704 ]，新儒家
	蒲松龄 [ c.1640 - 1715 ]：聊斋志异
	清军入关 (1644)
	康熙 [r.1661-1722 ]
	郑成功：收复台湾 (1662)
	清设置台湾府 (1684)
	雅克萨中俄冲突 (1685 - 1686)
	中俄签订尼布楚条约 (1689)		Guru Govind Singh [1666-1708].
	昭莫多战役 (1696)
	吴敬梓 [1701 - 1754 ]
	曹雪芹 [c.1719-1763]：红楼梦 (1765 )
	驻藏大臣的设置 (1727)		Voltaire [1694-1778], French philosopher.
	乾隆 [r.1736-1795]
	戴震 [1723 - 1777 ]：新儒家
	维吾尔贵族大、小和卓叛乱 (18 c 中期)		Mikhail Lomonosov [1711-1765] founder of modern Russian literature and science.
	土尔扈特部族：重返祖国 (1771)
	中国人口：300,000,000 (1794 )		Pushkin [1799-1837], Russia's greatest poet.
	林则徐 [1785 - 1850 ]		Gogol [1809-1852].
	曾国藩 [1811 - 1872 ]		Turgenev [1818-1883], Russian poet.
	左宗棠 [1812 - 1885 ]
	李鸿章 [1823 - 1901 ]		Dostoyevsky [1821-1881]: Crime and Punishment (1866).
	虎门销烟 (1839 )		Tolstoy [1828-1910]: Anna Karenina (1875-77), War and Peace (1865-69).
	张之洞 [1837 - 1909 ]		Tschaikovsky [1840-1893], Russian composer.
	吴昌硕 [1844 - 1927 ]，画家
	康有为 [1858 - 1927 ]：勿戌变法
	孙中山 [1866 - 1925 ]：兴中会 (1895 )
	黄兴 [1873 - 1916 ]
	梁启超 [1873 - 1929 ]		Akhmatova [1888-?], Russia's greatest poetess.
	王懿荣发现甲骨文 (1899 )
	武昌起义（1910）
1911 - 1949	中华民国
	齐白石 [1863 - 1957 ]
	黄宾鸿 [1864 - 1955 ]
	孙中山 [1866 - 1925 ]
	陈独秀 [1879 - 1942 ]
	鲁迅 [1881 - 1936 ]
1937－1945	神圣抗战
	蒋介石 [1888 - 1976 ]
	胡适 [1891 - 1962 ]
	徐悲鸿 [1895 - 1953 ]
	傅抱石 [1904 - 1966 ]
1949 -	中华人民共和国
	毛泽东 [1893 - 1976 ]
	周恩来 [1898 - 1976 ]
1966 - 1976	文化大革命
	邓小平 [1904 - 1997]：改革开放(1979 )
	香港回归 (1997)
	澳门回归 (1999)